Videos

Raimundo Figueroa, Neo-Expressionist, painter, musician, artist

Coming Soon!

Through this intimate short video, we will get a glimpse into Raimundo’s world, unveiling his creative process and discovering the profound inspiration for his latest series, "Instructions for Daily Life" and "A Place for Us."

Essays

  • By: Raimundo Figueroa

    A PLACE FOR US

    When I was growing up, the presence of figurative art and sculpture was always present. That was the dominant language of art all over Latin America and Spain, with the exception of a few artists like Tapiez and Millares, who did the crossover to abstraction. Mexican artists such as Tamayo and Siqueiros gained force during the 1960s, as did many other figurative painters from Latin America. My visits to El Museo del Prado, the Tamayo Museum, the Van Gogh Museum, the Rembrandt Museum, the Old Masters Museum, and more institutions that surrounded my youth exposed me to figuration and the languages of the masters. Most art galleries showed figurative art, making it difficult to escape to a language of abstraction and minimalism.

    In the 1970s, when I went to New York to study, I started getting familiar with abstraction and the great development of the use of freehand languages. Conversations with Sydney Janis and artist Gene Davis opened my eyes to a new language of expression. It took me around 10 years to be comfortable using a very personal palette and leaving figuration to enter into an expression of lyric abstraction. I made paintings in series: KYBALION (1985–87) and SYMBOLS OF GROWTH (1987–1989), which are the result of the personal development of an idiom that can be read as an abstract painting. I felt obliged to add expressions with the use of calligraphy because my interest in the written languages occupied my mind, and I was influenced by the poems of Rainer Maria Rilke and Julio Cortazar. The narrative of the written language dominated my use of color and how I told the story. This ignited my interest in developing transparency from organic material and became a force for creativity.

    My paintings for many years have been the product of my reaction to “secret dialogues”. In 1991, I devoted an entire series to this theme. These have been conversations I’ve had throughout the years with fellow artists, historians, businessmen, doctors in medicine, architects, art dealers, and the people on the street that I listen to. Also included are dialogs with masters from the past. Among the artists and people that influenced me are some very dear to me, like my visit with Peter Boris in November 2014 to talk and see the works of Robert Ryman and Agnes Martin, which ignited questions in my creative mind and assisted me in moving forward in the production of a new body of work. Also, my friendship with Skarlet Smetana gave me a perspective on how the impulse of creativity can move the viewer.

    In two thousand twelve, I was working on a series of paintings based on the concept of “Vital Forces"—the"inner energies that can go from the mind to the hand and finally become a painting. And parallel to that, I was working as the director of one of the most prominent art collections in Europe. This gave me the opportunity to visit important art dealers and be in touch with some of the art and artists that provoked me to change and to create the series “A PLACE FOR US”.

  • By: Laura Roulet | Independent curator, and art historian, 2011

    Essay published in the catalog of the exhibition “Raimundo Figueroa, A Survey of Works from 1985 - 2010” at the Galería Nacional, Instituto de Cultura de Puerto Rico, 2011-2012.

    CONSTANT BEAUTY

    There is something crazy about a culture in which the value of beauty becomes controversial. It is crazy not to celebrate whatever reconciles us to life. Peter Schjeldahl, “Notes on Beauty”

    Despite persistent rumors to the contrary, Raimundo Figueroa’s body of work provides ample evidence that painting is alive and well. Indeed, painting inspired by beauty is not an antiquated, romantic notion but a vital force, as seen throughout the three-decade survey of Raimundo Figueroa, Constant Beauty. Figueroa has maintained a studio in Puerto Rico since the 1980s, though his itinerant lifestyle has given him opportunities to work for extended periods in the United States, Europe, particularly the Netherlands, and St. Barthelemy. Each domicile has inspired a new series of paintings and collages. The constant throughout is his pursuit of painting as a spiritual discipline and his celebration of the beauty that life has to offer.

    All artwork is about beauty; all positive work represents and celebrates it. All negative art protests the lack of beauty in our lives.

    Agnes Martin: “Beauty is the Mystery of Life”

    Figueroa’s work adheres to that positive representation of beauty. Judging from titles like A God Called God (1999–2007) and True Love (1999), he doesn’t shy away from the big issues in life. The early “Secret Dialogue” and “Influence of Silence” series include some of his most philosophically questioning and densely layered paintings. Examples like El Olvido (1989) and Secret Dialogue with Beauty (1991) are filled with personal notations, allusions to other artists, and a lively mix of vibrant colors. They invite close inspection of their many details. Often incorporating handwritten notes, they are Cy Twombly-esque in calligraphic line. Twombly’s commentary on his own work: “It does not illustrate. It is the sensation of its own realization.” — applies to Figueroa’s work as well. His principle connection with Abstract Expressionists such as Twombly or Willem de Kooning’s late phase is in his freedom of execution and skillful use of color. The incorporation of figurative imagery belies the truth that the primary subject is the painting itself.

    Love is a recurring theme. Besides True Love, we find Red Love (2003) and Love Prints (2003), which share with Field of Tulips (2003) a delicate patterning of brush strokes. These paintings feel celebratory and are, above all, expressive of the positive emotions surrounding love. Figueroa recognizes that love is one of life’s most beautiful gifts and searches for iconic shapes and colors to convey that sentiment.

    Beginning with the “White Paintings” in the early 1990s, a parallel strain of Figueroa’s work has been minimalist abstraction. True Love and Yellow (2004) initially appear monochromatic, but closer inspection reveals multiple layers of drawing and painting, as do large-scale, bold abstractions such as Grow Up (1993) and A God Called God.

    The “Vital Forces” series of black and white canvases and drawings, exhibited in St. Barths in 2008, are elegant examples of Zen-like gestural lines combined with underlying layers of color. Titles such as The Way is All (2006–08) and Quietness is the Master of Restlessness (2006–08) also have Taoist or Zen Buddhist associations, as if they are visual koans. The grand scale and incorporation of drips allude to Abstract Expressionist masters such as Franz Kline and perhaps Philip Guston’s shapes. Yet the thin layers of paint visible beneath the gestural line reveal that these paintings are not just about action but also about deliberation. “Vital Forces” includes a series of untitled drawings made with coffee and black ink on paper. Like Color Field paintings on unprimed canvas, the medium allows the line to bleed into the paper, revealing the ghost of the forms and emphasizing the element of time introduced by the process. These are among Figueroa’s simplest and most commanding works.

    Figueroa’s mixed-media collages provide a more light-hearted counterpoint to his large-scale paintings. He first began producing collages and montages in 1973. Easily transported, he has created large numbers of works on paper while traveling and residing in Amsterdam and St. Barths. Perhaps harkening back to his early training as a classical violinist, the collages have a diaristic feeling, as if reflective of a daily habit of practicing his craft of drawing and composing. The imagery draws on influences as far-flung as African masks, sheet music, photographs, and many varieties of flowers. The collages exhibit the greatest sense of freedom of imagery and brilliant color. Each one is a masterfully composed snapshot into his imagination and daily life.

    “Constant Beauty” is as much about the pursuit of beauty as its capture. The variety of paintings and works on paper, incorporating figuration and abstraction, reflects the many paths toward beauty and spiritual awareness that Figueroa has explored. Incorporating universal symbolic forms such as the sign for infinity and the oval, Figueroa taps into spiritual archetypes that convey a sense of harmony. His painterly language of form and color has evolved through time, yet he carries a consistent message of probing questions and finding resolutions through artistic practice.

    Laura Roulet is an Independent Art Curator & Historian.

  • By: Dominique Nahas | Art critic, independent curator, and art historian, 2009

    Essay published in the catalog of the exhibition “Vital Forces” in Bartholomew’s Anglican Church in St. Barthelemy, 2009.

    THE INFINITE AND INFINITE VOIDS

    When M. Merleu-Ponty in Phenomenology of Perception writes “of the waking time in which eternity takes roots as the field of presence in the wide sense, with its double horizon or primary past and future, and the infinite openness of those fields of presence that have slid by or are still possible”, his commentary becomes apt in light of the precise calibration and control of gesture, color contrasts, and scale. Raimundo Figueroa’s achievement in this body of work is to have come out with works that are not only pictorially engaging on formal levels but also philosophically teasing and profound images on the sublimity of infinity.

    The physical manifestation of the primal nature of the unchanging metaphysical ground of infinite space in painting has traditionally been expressed by monochromatic color fields, representing a shift of attention from figure to ground, starting in the modernist epoch with Turner’s later seascapes devoid of horizon lines and slightly later Whistler’s Nocturnes. In pre-modern times, we need only think of the gold background space of Byzantine icons, and in the early twentieth century, Malevich’s ruminations on Ouspenskian-inspired intuition of fourth-dimensional awareness of infinity were exemplified by his painting 1918, White on White. In late modernism, the minimal geometric abstractions (exemplifying infinite expansion) of, for example, Yves Klein, Lucio Fontana, and Barnett Newmann and the stark interruptions on those surfaces implying man’s relation to the absolute had become part of a firmly established modernist canon of formalism. Figueroa’s new paintings manipulate these conceits of elemental residual formalism by incorporating the ground of the monochrome with the pictorial introjections of the gesture defining the solitary stroke.

    Figueroa’s neo-abstractions appear at first to be comprised of the basic expressive unit of gestural abstraction, the painterly mark of the brushstroke against brightly saturated colors. These simple gestural loops are fore grounded calligraphic marks whose optical intensity quivers against their overall backgrounds. The artist purposefully combines the vibratory contrasts of colors between the large brushstrokes that partially define the infinity symbol (a stylized “8”) and its backdrop to create luminous pictorial fields of stunning glance and amplitude. Figueroa’s works, consisting of magnified brushstrokes floating, colliding, or intersecting in space, emphasize the touch as a constitutive element in a larger image and as a self-contained expressive element in its own right. Since the artist’s challenge in this body of work is to give the visual sensation of an endless extent of space and time in any series, the seemingly random painterly mark meanders, but it does so through mark-making that is harnessed to give a wide range of sensations. Figueroa tackles the definition of the infiniteness of heroized things through synecdoche (outsized brushstrokes demarcating parts of infinity signs) on groundless infinite space to pose rich metaphysical conundrums about our place within the flux of space and time. Given the nature of the intellectual dimension of these paintings (that is, to express the inexpressible by alluding to beginnings and endings without entirely visually defining either notion), Figueroa’s measured painterly loops are properly and positively ambiguous; they oscillate between the two poles of the mark seen as constructive/deliberate and expressive/random. The artist gives the sensation of an essence that is poised, (in Scholastic terms) halfway in fieri, that is, when it is beginning to be but is not yet complete, and in fact, when it exists completely in the nature of things with those constituent parts with which it remains.

    Figueroa’s looming and tremulous brushstrokes evoke both the gathering point of fading perceptions and the locus of new, emerging visual interpretations that include the persuasive unraveling of closed systems. As I mentioned before, teasing conundrums abound in these works. One of these involves the age-old issue of relativity, which allows us to conceive of parts of infinite spaces within larger infinite spaces, voids within fullness. To delineate this entropic situation, Figueroa uses the space of his canvasses and the positioning of these gestures as if the strokes of his infinity signs were being cinematically panned into view as they enter the “screen” of his canvasses. At times, his panning will stop, and he will give us a close-up of an end loop of one of his signs. At other times, he will show us two end loops cavorting in space but not touching and, at other times, meeting in an embrace. In his diptych, one part of the end loop of his infinity sign is itself cut into two parts, as if to defy the mind to think in the impossible term of half infinity. The outsized segments of the loops of the artist’s cropped infinity sign careen and hover inside the picture planes of brightly colored over-all grounds and metaphorically suggest a range of metaphysical musings of time and existence while inducing psychologically dense and emotionally expansive readings. Raimundo Figueroa’s art works and their reflections on the impossibility of visually defining or embodying godhead remind us of Shelling’s comment that art was the resolution of an infinite contradiction in a finite object. In light of his painterly ambitions, I do not think it would be stretching the point to claim that within Figueroa’s paintings rests a (nearly) infinite amount of visual impetuosity that quite matches their intellectual verve.

    About the writer: Dominique Nahas is a critic, independent curator, and art historian residing in New York City. He is the former Chief Curator of Contemporary Art of the Everson Museum, Syracuse, New York, and former Director of the Neuberger Museum, SUNY-Purchase.

  • By: Dr. Víctor Bernal y Del Río | Psychiatrist, 2007

    Published in the book Y. Bernalerías Y. Volume 2

    RAIMUNDO Y LAS ESTRELLAS

    “Caiu do ceu, uma estrela. Ai que bem, que a vim tombar”. Cantata do Orfeão da Universidade de Coimbra 1938 .

    Y recuerda Raimundo: “que sin ángulos no hay triángulos y sin triángulos no hay pirámides no hay libro.” Como te has dado a la tarea de dibujar, las estrellas del general sin estrellas, me parece que sería bueno que supieras de dónde vienen las estrellas.

    La estrella de Belén, con sus múltiples puntas casi como espinas, se la arrancaron tres reyes al firmamento. El firmamento desde entonces llora en estrellas que se caen y hacen líneas de luz en el cielo, lágrimas, por aquella estrella que le arrancaron. Dicen que fue en Belén, pero los reyes no se sienten culpables de haber herido el cielo, porque ellos son magos. Desde entonces el cielo llora todas las noches en estrellas que vienen a buscar su hermana perdida y trazan líneas blancas en el cielo. A veces en desesperación mandan una lluvia de estrellas a buscar a la perdida, que el cielo no quiere que se le pierda nada y la siguen buscando. Eso nos contaba mi tía abuela Severiana que le decían Severa, y lo era, con unos ojos grises que nosotros creíamos que eran de cristal, con unas venas en las manos que nos gustaba apretar y desapretar, con un olor a talco y a sudor, que asustó la yegua del compai’ que se cayó por el barranco y lo mató. Y que los diablillos le cambiaban los cacharros de latas de peras y de avena que ella utilizaba para cocinar. Nos dimos cuenta que los movía ella y se le olvidaba que los había movido, y decía que eran los diablillos.

    La otra estrella, la de David, es más terrestre. Fue fabricada al entrelazar dos triángulos equilaterales o equidistantes e idénticos, pero en posición opuesta; una con la punta hacia arriba y otro con la punta hacia abajo. Al entrelazarlos se forma la conocida estrella de David con sus seis puntos sin perder una.

    Por miles de años el humano observó los triángulos divinos que el pelo dibuja en la región púbica. En el hombre, es como la punta para arriba buscando el ombligo. En la mujer la línea fina es horizontal y recta y la punta baja sin saber qué busca. Por los milenios también, el hombre y la mujer han rozado los triángulos con frecuencia inaudita, para el milagro más grande: producir otro ser humano. Los dos triángulos se estrujan y se mezclan y sucede la introducción, la eyaculación, el embarazo y parto, y se produce o se fabrica la estrella imposible, que es otro ser humano.

    Eyaculación no es orgasmo, que el orgasmo es experiencia humana, que resiste los intentos que la literatura universal ha hecho desde siempre para describirlo o definirlo.

    De los animales obtenemos algunos gruñidos, jadeos, pero no saben lo que es ni lo pueden retardar en deleite. Aunque animales en joda nos son excitantes, es por un sistema de ruidos de jadeos y de ritmos, que recuerdan el baile, y que traducimos como imitación del ajetreo orgásmico.

    Observamos los cuadrúpedos que montan para procrear y siguen haciéndolo igual hace millones de años. Yo no sé cómo los dinosaurios empollaban los huevos, ni cuantos, ni se lo pregunto a nadie porque no lo saben y van a intentar su inventiva y para inventiva con la propia me basta. Si sé que todos los vertebrados que conocemos, el acto pro-creativo, es en monta por detrás “a more ferra rum” como los perros. Aun los animales voluminosos cómo los elefantes, rinocerontes montan por detrás y es imposible que se miren a los ojos. Los dinosaurios es lo que conocemos hasta ahora. No sabemos de las dinosaurias, sabemos que había huevos, lo cual por inferencia establece que había dinosaurias aunque no sepamos como eran o cómo empollaban los huevos gigantes que dicen que ponían. Los paleontólogos no son contadores de sucesos y acontecimientos como los historiadores. A ellos les conforma sin confirmación posible relatar el proceso. Los estudiosos de la evolución que saben del triunfo de los superdotados o de lo que se adaptaron o se acostumbraron, pero no saben ni parece interesarles el suceso y menos la amena historia de los que se quedaron rezagados y al nivel genético hablan o se imaginan unos cambios imprecisos y súbitos.

    El único que dio la vuelta y se encontraron de frente y encontraron el amor, es el humano. Ese misterio de la virazón, como en el tango, es el misterio mejor guardado del proceso de la evolución que es distinto de la teoría de la evolución. Es la histórica del suceso que se pierde en el tiempo que la teoría de la evolución sigue su curso inexorable sin detenerse en la historia de los sucesos.

    Y como el amor se hace en secreto y generalmente de noche, los otros vertebrados no lo han podido imitar mirándolo. Y si se lo fuéramos a enseñar, el amor no se aprende, ni se enseña. Imposible de describir. Es “un haberlo tenido” y como no se recuerda no se puede describir ni enseñar, es un “tú sabes”.

    Todos hemos soñado con una casa en un árbol como un palomar y vivir en la casa del árbol. He concluido que este es un gene antiguo presente que nos empuja a hacer el amor en los árboles como creo que lo hacen los monos. Debe ser que nos queda un gene de mono que se quedó pegado y que reaparece para querer hacer el amor en los árboles como los monos o en la casita del árbol soñada y pretendida.

    Fue acaso un remolino sin pelo, un huracán o un rayo o una tromba marina o un tirabuzón de vientos que se los llevó a lo alto y los obligo con su virazón a virarse. Y se abrazaron llenos d terror y de miedo cuando subían y cuando bajaban para caer juntos y en el descenso o la ascensión se encontraron de pronto y de frente el amor. Si no fue volando, fue nadando. Que esas cosas solo pasan en el aire y en el agua y en el viento. Que en la tierra el amor se apaga, se cambia o se detiene.

    ¿Fue acaso un extra-terrestre sin UFO salido de su órbita sin hincapié o un mago, quizás de OZ sin hojalatero, residente que, en la cima de una montaña de acero, lleno de pudor de león, le enseño lo que podía hacerse? Pero, él no sabía hacerlo, ni lo intenta por su volumen y otro mago que en una lección única en el tirabuzón de una tormenta o huracán sin ojo, o en el ojo misterioso del huracán; los torció para siempre y cuando el mago vio a la pareja haciendo el amor, se suicidó de envidia y camina su pena por los caminos del tiempo?

    Fue acaso en un volcán incandescente que los cegó, alumbrándolos o un Tsunami impío el que los saco de su guarida mal oliente y que los obligo a acoplarse en una Posición distinta o diferente.

    Nadie sabe cuándo, ni desde cuándo, ni donde, si fue en el mar, en la tierra, en el cielo o en el suelo. Ni quién dio la vuelta, si fue el galán todo poderoso con el basto, bastón y bastante ante pasadísimo del infeliz Adán, el forzó forjando y la sedujo seduciendo. Príapo incandescente sultán de los cuentos del millón y una noches. Centauro bípedo desbocado que por casualidad quizás en un salto inconsecuente o inconcebible salto y le cayó encima o fue otro pegaso alado pateador de truenos o un trotamundos cíclope con su basto subyugador o el centauro sin abismos o fue ella, Eva, milenaria o millonaria, admiradora del sultán del trillón y una noche lo invento con la sabiduría de la alfombra mágica o fue alguien venido de otros planetas, como en un tango con millones de ensayos sin director de escena sin coreografía y si fue en el mar en la tierra o en el cielo. Nadie sabe cuándo, ni desde entonces y hasta entonces o ¿sería en el suelo como el ranchero? ¿Sería el con su clásico basto ordenador, de las caricaturas, que le ordeno acostarse aquí y ahora? ¿Sabría ella lo que le iba a pasar? ¿Sería ella futura aprendiz de Hetaira que le enseño el ombligo que él no había visto y le bailó una versión anticipada de las famosas danzas de todos los tiempos incluyendo la de Salomé? ¿Fue él, Adán ancestral todopoderoso con el basto bastando o fue ella antepasada de Eva, ¿de la manzana y la serpiente y de Cleopatra que extendió su vuelo o que invento el suceso maravilloso?

    Este tema de la virazón está ausente de la literatura por ser un suceso tan antiguo sin testigos a quién interrogar ni huellas que investigar. Espero que pronto sea tema obligado y que los ordenadores del pensamiento, letrados, poetas, artista y bailarines ausentes, añadan aporten y se hagan ensayos y bocetos. Habrá alguien que quiera prohibirlo y obligue a las parejas a volver al método antiguo. Aparecerá algún irresoluto intermitente fornicato y deseara volver a lo antiguo y plantara bandera y tendrá seguidores y muchos miembros de ese partido tolerante troglodita que quiera volver que quiera volver a antes de la edad de piedra alegando que eran camas cómodas y antes del dominio del fuego que nos fue ningún Prometeo que lo trajo y lo robo a los dioses y se lo dio a los hombres y el hierro y todos los demás adelantos y dejar de fabricar de cultivar con semillas, que fue antes de todo eso. Aquí si que se le acaban los etcéteras a cualquier escritor por fértil que sea y por eso conmino a otros a expresarse sobre tan interesante adelanto.

    No sabemos cómo, ni donde, ni cuándo. Pobre de mí, me debato en conjeturas torpes, que ni califican como teorías. Los testigos no saben hablar: el mar, la tierra, las olas y el viento. El mar coge la tierra negra llena de lombrices y los mezcla con cadáveres de peces, crustáceos y esqueletos mili-formes pero en cantidades. Lo mezcla todo, lo bate y los rebate contra las rocas que son su grillos y con furia innecesaria y loca sigue fabricando arena que se la sacan y el mar ya no sabe dónde esconderla. Y le ha preguntado al desierto y a las dunas y al viento para que se las guarde. Pero la arena tampoco sabe hablar. Las montañas, los árboles, las plantas, las rocas y las piedras hablan en idiomas que no se entienden, aunque son idiomas perennes. Sabemos lo que paso porque hasta yo, soy evidencia de eso, pero no sabemos cómo ni donde ni cuándo.

    Y nadie me sabe decir cómo fue. Y le pregunté al viento, que sí estaba, y a las olas, y a los mares, que sí estaban. Pero el idioma del viento no tiene letras, aunque tiene sonidos.

    Sé que fue en un tiempo cuando no había tiempo, ni fecha y no existía el entonces, ni el después. Entro y salgo maltrecho de tanto pensar y tratar de imaginarme, si fue antes del tiempo, o si fue en la tierra o en la playa, si ya habían hecho la arena que es cómoda. Sé que tengo la imaginación demasiado ordenada para poder imaginar como seria antes del orden y antes del principio. Pobre de mí, por no saber cómo fue que empezó el amor que quizás tuvo muchos principios, experiencias, experimentos y lentitudes. Y parece que no existe el momento sublime que yo me empeño en buscar y que no sé imaginarlo ni fabricarlo. Me consuela el saber que tampoco se sabe, ni se ha visto, cómo nace una estrella. Que los astrónomos nos hablan del nacer de las estrellas cuando lo que hacen es encontrarlas sin haberlas perdido porque ya estaban desde nuestro tiempo.

    Cuando no había tiempo, porque no había quién lo midiera, ni lo constatara, que la realidad solo existe durante la existencia. Que lo demás son números, fórmulas y cálculos que las escriben con la mano en papeles que se borran y que duran hasta que venga otra mano, otro papel y otra fórmula que se corroboren o le saquen ventaja a otra fecha después y el siguiente trae la fórmula y los números que son casi perfectos y el resultado que varía, el otro se borra y se acabe el verde. Amén.

    Qué es una fórmula nueva que corrige y perfecciona la fórmula vieja que es como debe ser. Lo nuevo es lo nuevo y es mejor y sustituye a los viejos, aunque les escriban biografías pomposas y algunas estatuas, monumentos y la ruta del Quijote porque la de la Iliada no se marcó en el mar.

    Y me desespero y le pregunto a las palmas y ellas no estaban en la playa todavía y en la arena las olas lo borran todo y no quedan huellas y ni el viento, ni el mar, ni las olas, ni el monte me pudieron decir cómo empezó el amor. Y busco evidencias y tampoco. Y es mi desesperación como siempre surge la solución.

    La prueba de que nació el amor, somos yo, tú y ella que sin cuido jamás hubiéramos existido.

    Lo primero fue el viento y el mar que se aquietó un poco y definió la tierra y le asignó un sitio. A veces le roba en un sitio y a veces le cede en otro, para imponer su primacía en gesto de realtor gigante, urbanizador de soledades y quita y pone y se pasea orgulloso por todas las playas del mundo que el considera suyas porque lo son, porque él es el que las hizo y las sigue haciendo y ha hecho la arena y las sigue haciendo inexorablemente. El mar lo ha hecho todo; toda la arena del mundo y coge barro feo miserable y con lombrices y lo bate y lo bate con furia y lo castiga y agarra pedazos de roca mezclando, amasando y explayándolos y los mezcla y los amasa y los explaya en las playas que las sigue peinando y quitando las huellas humanas que las prefiere de pies descalzos, pero todo lo borra. La playa que parece desierto está ahí llena de vidas que entran y salen y vuelven a entrar y el humano salió y no ha querido volver a su útero productivo. Toda la arena aun la que se encuentra tierra adentro la hizo el mar con la ayuda de su amigo y colega: el viento, el viento que fue antes que el mar. El mar borra rápido las pisadas de los que se fueron para no volver y borra las pisadas, aunque sean de zapatos, que prefiere los descalzos e hizo grano a grano toda la arena del mundo. Todavía añora los que se fueron a desarrollarse que él prefiere los que van y vuelven como las tortugas y las focas o como los jueyes cuando son pequeños. El mar se pone contento cuando la gente aprende a nadar para que lo usen y le encantan los que bucean y a veces se queda con alguno o con algún nadador y además con algunos pescadores a los que vigila con sigilo que siguen sacándole todo lo que pueden y quieren dejarlo sin nada, aunque sean sus arrecifes y sus manglares.

    A los nudistas de todos los colores y de todas las formas les gustan las playas, pero al mar no le importa si están vestidos o desnudos. A veces son odaliscas sin propósito que pretenden adornar el mar, pero el mar no necesita ni acepta ni hay posibilidades de que lo adornen, que él es muy independiente con su belleza. A veces el sol y las nubes se combinan y lo cambian de color. Y el viento rasca el mar sin picor y le pone pañuelos blancos de espuma. Y a veces todo se queda quieto y el mar parece de aceite o de petróleo. Quizás pensó que únicamente podrían adornarlo con una bomba atómica de las que explotan en el desierto y quema la arena y que hacen una nube nueva y gigante y preciosa en el cielo y le harían un hoyo que él llenaría rápido con agua y haría un lago dentro del mar que se vería de lejos y quedaría bonito.

    Pienso y escribo, y escribo buscando la solución al misterio y al secreto y al olvido, que el suceso o los sucesos fueron mucho, mucho antes que los cíclopes, Pegaso no había nacido, ni el Olimpo, ni Fedra, ni la Biblia vieja y menos la nueva a ver si nos asistimos los unos a los otros. La imagen de los otros iguales a ver si le damos luz al hecho más trascendental de la humanidad que es: el nacimiento del amor, que es la única fuerza que nos puede salvar de la extinción y del desespero y de la desaparición de los verdes.

    Porque no sé qué había entonces. No sé ni siquiera si había “entonces” antes de los verdes y eso me desespera. Y nace mi conjetura carente de fertilidad útil y necesaria, pero es la única que tengo y me consta que nació el amor. Y esa es mi canción desesperada que no sabía que la tenía ni la esperaba, pero la tengo.

    Es importante y necesario, saber, descubrir y describir cómo fue que nació el mar para enseñarlo, volver a repetirlo y hacerlo una reacción en cadena como los átomos y que no se acabe el verde. Que el amor no es contemporáneo de la fotosíntesis y me percato de la inocencia peligrosa de mi imaginación que salta millones de años como si fueran milenios y hay que congelarla, traerla a una razón desconocida porque no existía.

    Sabemos que el amor empezó después del Big Bang, después de los dinosaurios después que las aguas se calmaron y después de los peces y de que todos los habitantes de los mares, que el amor es de la tierra de los sentidos y fue después de la fotosíntesis después de las ondas.

    Como no hay solución a este revolú tuvieron que inventar un génesis infantil con sabor a manzana y a serpiente sin deleite; un paraíso aburrido e inconsecuente; una Eva de las de pasarela, pero sin ropa y un Adán con pelos y una serpiente con aceite de culebra. Un paraíso aburrido donde no había que hacer nada porque no había nada que hacer. No había ni que bañarse porque no había que vestirse y si uno no se viste, pues, no tiene que bañarse. Porque bañarse para quedarse desnudo no hace sentido.

    Crearon su génesis. Lo crearon y la siguen defendiendo para no buscar el único misterio de dónde y cuándo y cómo nació el amor. Y olvidan el problema y estipulan otros tipos de amor invertidos, derivados, sucedáneos que no suceden, aunque se cultiven. Que el AMOR con mayúsculas no hay qué cultivarlo, que surge espontáneo en todos los sitios y en todos los climas.

    Que antes del mar no había tierra que el mar y tierra son la coexistencia infalible y el verdadero nacer después del fuego. Qué es antes que los arenales y los unicelulares y tuvieron que inventar una génesis imbécil y morona y predicarla. Yo no estoy buscando la génesis del amor y menos el porqué, yo lo que busco es el comienzo, el cómo, sin por qué, para aprender solo el cómo, cuándo y dónde. Porque no había entonces y por qué lo sabemos todos; que es el aumento del placer hasta hacerlo intolerable. Que no quiero ser yo historiador docto y obligado e inquisitivo y que no me importa por qué que yo lo que quiero es saber cuándo dónde y cómo que por qué lo sabe todo el mundo que el amor nace de la multiplicación del placer. Y el placer se eleva a lo sublime, que es sin sentido y que lo palpe. Fórmula matemática: X que es el placer multiplicado por I que es una cifra desconocida y descomunal produjo el amor que por fin era tan grande que hubo que dividirlo para hacer los distintos tipos y clases de amor. De los de antes, de los de ahora, y de los de después incluyendo el amor al prójimo.

    La literatura universal sin mencionarlo, ni describirlo lo cultiva en magníficas formas. Se acercan a lo infalible, a lo sublime. La música, el cine, el baile, los romances y la tragedia, la maja desnuda y la maja vestida, es casi tan erótica como la media sonrisa de la Mona Lisa.

    La literatura toda: novela, drama, tragedia, opera, pero más que nada la poesía: Tetrarca, el Dante Beatriz, Leonor, Romeo y Julieta. Bécquer y los románticos, los sentimentales y los suspensos, las lagunas y los ríos, Helena y Fausto,

    Margarita y los sonetos a Orfeo, Whitman, Chopin, Beethoven, Stradivarius y el Kama Sutra y todos los jardines colgantes o no, Versalles y Machu Pichu.

    El culto a la belleza y los perfumes, los aceites, los baños, el tango, las Barbies, y el Taj Mahal, y todas las Pasiones y por fin no se define, y tratan de definir el amor y los celos. Y García Lorca y su “potra de Nácar sin bridas y sin estribos”; y José Asunción Silva “eran una sombra larga y eran una sombra larga y eran una sombra larga…” y Darío “Que tendrá la princesa”, y Alfonsina y el “acaso mía, aquella dicha vuestra me fuera ahora.” “El amor: lo que pone en cada mente un par de alas y una pátina de sol en cada idea” y los celos y los amantes de Teruel y los espejos de Borges y “es tan corto el amor y tan largo el olvido” de Neruda y tú me quieres blanca, tú me quieres nívea, tú me quieres alba” de Ibarburu.

    Las Helenas todas, las de Troya y las del Lanzarote y los idilios del Rey, y los tejidos de Penélope, la Raquel de Peza y los sueños de Segismundo y “el ser o no ser” de Hamlet y mierda, “la Guardia Imperial Francesa no se rinde.” El Quo Vadis y Tagore y las musas y el Parnaso, y la “vaquera de la Fina josa” y Mefistófeles engatusando al pobre Dr. Fausto para quedarse con su Gretchen. Entre lo inefable y lo sublime y Juan Ramón que quiere seguir haciendo “las cosas como ella las hacia” y la luna que se a acostado con todos los poetas.

    Real o pretendida Dulcinea y el Inca con su rubia “y quién sabe, quién sabe, si a rubia eres tú”, y Teresa sin poder vivir y “muero porque no muero, “y el Davide de Miguel Ángel exhibiendo lo poco que tenía. Y la rosa blanca de Martí y las Dulcineas y las Maritornes, y el honor del alcalde y todas las Torres apuntando al cielo con una erección de piedra y de concreto, y los puentes para suicidarse y el amor, aunque sea el del Cólera y el “camino que se hace al andar” y la agonía de Espronceda, Otelo y Desdémona. Cleopatra con sus agujas que todo el mundo sabe lo que representan y Nefertiti con su cuello que también es serpiente y los cuernos de los rinocerontes, provocando la envidia por el orbe. Y los dragones voladores y la espada que mato al samurái y los 12,000 soldados de barro en china con 12,000 caballos, con 48,000 pies de caballos sin dedos y de barro también.

    La fascinación con los centauros y los caballos de Diocleciano, los lirios de Manet y los alargados del Greco y las Cumbres Borrascas y las Bailarinas de Degas y los pedazos del Toro de Picasso y el panadero que horneo el pan para la última cena de Leonardo, que todavía se lo debe. La Guillotina de Enrique VIII que era solo para mujeres y no lo acusaban de violencia doméstica. Los Maserati, los Rolls Royce, aunque sean viejos son importantes. Y Camila Parker y Eleonora Duncan, Carusso y Nijinsky y la luna que se prende de todos los poetas, pero no se preña de ninguno. Ni Galileo y el de la zozobra del fingimiento y Arquímedes y los colosos.

    Lo sublime y lo impecable o lo imposible y el embrujo, sin limitación, sin destello y sin apuro. Han tratado de describirlo con sonrisas y zalamería, la media sonrisa de la Mona Lisa o una carcajada con olor o un color de pelo de Renoir que no le haya visitado y el olor de la vergüenza y trata de describir tú una guanábana de pulpas blancas y semillas negras y que huele a guanábana o mamey y que hace un ruido al caerse del palo que solo los que lo han escuchado lo conocen.

    Los pasaportes del placer: los valses y las polkas, y el bolero y el “va tembandumba de la kimbamba” y las crepas y el champán y los jugadores de polo y el Taj Mahal y Versalles y los rascacielos y los puentes dorados; la plena y la bomba, con coca y con opio y con fútbol, el tenis y todos los juegos con pelotas; la gula y la borrachera y la lujuria económica con oros, brillantes y esmeraldas, y el poder y los que se ocupan del universo y el Big Bang y antes del Big Bang y se expande o se encoje.

    Y los hoyos negros, y las estrellas que nacen y que mueren sin parto ni cementerio. Y saben mucho pero no saben hacer llover o hacer escampar que sí sería útil y hace falta. Y las computadoras con sus memorias extraordinarias y los e-mails, y las guerras y el Holocausto, todo va a parar a la reproducción y el cuido del infante que, si se para, se para todo, aunque sigan las estrellas en el cielo y aunque devuelvan la de Belén.

    Con pasaporte de todos los países que para llegar a la felicidad no hay trenes, hay que trepar y bajar las escaleras del placer y como la felicidad ha sido declarada por Jefferson la meta nacional, vayan a presentar sus pasaportes placenteras que últimamente lo definen como turismo. Porque dicen que la felicidad solo está fuera de casa, aunque sea turismo local que es turismo de lo mismo. Cada grupo y pueblo, raza y nación tienen sus propios pasaportes al placer y a la felicidad. Y la defienden y la definen a su manera. Que haga cada cual como quiera o como pueda o como sepa, que el amor se inventa, pero no se fabrica.

    Cuando todo esté en calma y le devuelvan la estrella de Belén al cielo y se acaben las estrellas fugaces y las lluvias de estrellas que ya no tienen que buscar a su hermana, aún entonces nadie me dice lo que yo quiero saber. Y las estrellas lo saben y el viento y la arena también lo sabe, pero no sueltan prenda y guardan el secreto de cómo nació el amor. Para aprender, enseñar y repetir el milagro. El amor que no pasa y que mueve montañas y fabrica islas y torres cada vez más altas y se mueve a más velocidad y anda por Marte buscando algo, aunque no saben lo que buscan y todavía no saben hacer llover ni escampar. Que mi tesis es el amor físico humano lleno de besos, abrazos, caricias, olores, sabores, líquidos, chupones, baba y leche sin ordeñar que todavía está en la teta que la conserva tibia y lista. Cuna y cementerios de todos los placeres.

    Y apareció el amor y el cariño; y apareció el deseo, el embrujo, la promesa y el deleite. Que el humano aprendió el amor solo, sin ejemplo a quien imitar o compararse, sin anotaciones, ni maestros, sin lecciones, que fue antes de las letras y ahora tienen la osadía y pretende y publica y cree y asegura poseer una originalidad sin marca de fábrica y sin individualidad aparente; sigue engañado, creyéndose original y único.

    Y se miraron a los ojos y casi se hipnotizan. Y aprenden a leerse los ojos por mucho rato, sin parpadear, odiando los parpados y las pestañas que esconden la serenidad y la claridad y no se puede leer bien lo que dicen o lo que quieren decir. Y se cogen de mano, palma con palma y paloma con paloma. Y los dedos todos, cada uno inventa sus caricias a su manera, que les reconozcan la caricia, y compiten y van a concursos y quieren ser acariciadores especiales. El índice cansado de dirigir y señalar, y el dedo del corazón, que es eso: del corazón, el anular que le pusieron un anillo y el meñique fue a la plaza y compró un huevo, y trajo un huevo sin escándalo y el pulgar que se comió el huevo, gordito escondió la una se viró hacia arriba y fue todo yema y algo barriga, pero caricia.

    Caricias con individualidad de dedo identificable y único. Caricia de índice, de pulgar y de meñique. Pero la otra mano protestó y exigió identificación con marca de fábrica (trademark) exigencia ineludible y ahora hay caricias de índice derecho de pulgar derecho y meñique derecho e izquierdo y todos tienen almíbar de azúcar que no engorda. Y el dedo gordo cuando lo supo, protestó e insiste en que él tiene cosquillas y deleites que ofrecer con uña y sin uña, pero eso es un capítulo para luego.

    Que la originalidad en el amor es dogma que se proclama y se profesa y se prolonga, “como yo te he querido desengáñate que así no te querrán”, y Don Juan con sus ineptitudes que no se reportan, resisten y rechaza la comparación y el contaje, pero con una agencia de publicidad implacable hecha de dueñas- monjas y de maritornes.

    Y aprendieron a beber los alientos. Se espera y se aspira el aliento que sabe a miel. Y más promesas y más secretos y se usan los versos y la poesía y susurros y las caricias, y se suda dulce, amargo y salado y las caricias y las promesas de sabor y los besos a boca cerrada y abierta. Que los besos mezclan los líquidos que saben pero qué no sacian, nadie queda ahíto. Nadie le enseñó al humano el amor, sin ejemplos ni descripciones porque fue antes de las palabras y de los textos y lo inventan sin aprenderlo. Y se dieron todas las miradas del alfabeto, lánguidas. Y aparecen los senos que saben suspirar esperando también las caricias el beso y el apretón. El final no tiene descripción posible, ni comparativa, ni elogio ni aspaviento, porque no se recuerda ni es recordable.

    Y antes de dormir, piensan o se imaginan o se sueña en cómo será el producto de los dos, si tendrá más de él o más de ella. Y él quiere que se parezca a ella y ella quiere que se parezca a él y “los dos los cuidamos hasta siempre”, y si son dos y tus cuidas uno y yo el otro, o serán tres, eso no, que no hay quién cuide al tercero.

    Producir otro igual: la duda vive y cunde y se espera con angustia quasi genética hasta que se prueba que no tiene cola y camina erecto y que hay que cuidarlo. Y recuerda Raimundo, que sin ángulos no hay triángulos y sin triángulos no hay pirámides, y sin pirámides no hay libro.

  • By: Ken Nahan, Jr.

    Essay published in the catalog of the exhibition “Beginnings” at Galerie van der Straeten, Amsterdam, 1998.

    BEGINNINGS

    I felt a connection with Raimundo Figueroa before we ever met. Seeing his work for the first time in the mid-1980’s, I was struck with a sense that he had tapped a source of wondrous energies and, with sensitivity and skill, brought these untempered forces into focus. This was an artist who understood the role of the artist as a synthesist—one who assimilates, gathering diverse themes into a coherent whole. Most profound was the feeling that each painting was an adventure. Figueroa was exploring with both a mature creative intelligence and the openness of a child. He was not merely reflecting his artistic influences; he was painting with heart.

    We met in 1987; however, it wasn’t until recently that I learned more about the extraordinary path of this artist’s life. As a musical prodigy on the violin, Figueroa was discovered at a very young age by Leonard Bernstein and was awarded a scholarship to study with renown violinist Carol Glenn and her husband, pianist Eugene Liszt. He has encountered some of the world’s most accomplished musicians and has received accolades from institutions including the New York Philharmonic, the American Federation of Musicians, and the American Violin Society.

    Although proficient in music, Figueroa has had a deep love for visual expression since early childhood. While his music studies required exacting discipline, painting afforded him a different venue for creating. In his words, "As a musician, I was an interpreter. As a painter, I am the composer.”

    Since he can recall, being creative in a methodical way has been a part of Raimundo Figueroa’s artistic process. “Understanding order inside chaos” is his daily struggle and discipline. Figueroa first began creating montages and collages in 1974, inspired by major life events of the time. Music, nature, travels, the loss of a friend, a new love, and sociopolitical events are some of the themes that influence his work. While living in New York in the 1970s and early 1980s, he met and befriended some of the most influential musicians, writers, humanitarians, intellectuals, and artists of our time, including the famous New York School. Although he welcomed the creative influence, he left New York in 1983 and returned to Puerto Rico, where he could reconnect with nature and continue his work without the distractions of the New York “scene”.

    Simple observation and a continuous attitude to be introspective, along with a desire to develop his own iconographic language, led the artist to compose, utilizing symbols and gestures to express universal feelings. Exploring the balance between the conscious and unconscious minds, he strives to give meaning to the creative present.

    Figueroa’s compositions contain free-hand drawings and fragments of personal “diaries” compiled over many years. In his most recent series, "Beginnings,” he expresses reality as a profound experience through the rediscovery of love for life, interaction with ancient cultures, beauty in nature, and the celebration of each day as a new beginning.

  • By: Manuel Alvarez Lezama | Professor, and International Art Critic

    Essay published in the catalog of the exhibition “Flowers, Ships and Other Dreams” at the Gallery of Art of the University of the Sacred Heart, San Juan, 1997.

    TIMELESS SIGNS

    The echoes and the shadows. The secret forms. The timeless signs. The pulsing tongues of New York. The essential dreams from the Orient. The fairness of the white and the forces of the black. The souls of the grays. A way of poetry: The drawings of Raimundo Figueroa.

    During the last 20 years, Raimundo Figueroa has established himself as a forceful and educated voice within the excellent choir of Puerto Rican abstract artists.

    Encouraged, inspired, and stimulated by the effervescent world of international abstractionism, he decided to construct an elaborate hymn of his own.

    From very early in his career, his drawings and paintings reveal an innate abstract artist who needs to touch us through his work. Once in New York, surrounded by creators who were not afraid to enter new aesthetic dimensions, this diligent artist begins constructing the sophisticated and provoking visual discourse for which he is known today.

    Through his compositions, Figueroa challenges us to become refined poets capable of combining the essence of Western abstractionism with the energy of Zen philosophy.

    In the present exhibition, Flowers, Ships, and Other Dreams, we see the work of a resourceful artist who has been able to successfully integrate the most refined elements of his distinctive visual syntax. The drawings on view can be read as three long and splendid poems. Composed of individual metaphors that take us into too many different harbors, as well as precious separate poems that contain the elegance and mysteries Raimundo Figueroa is capable of as an artist.

    Ships, flowers, hearts, circles, planets, wounds, wings, and dreams are all part of an enigmatic topography where drawing, the subconscious, beauty, and freedoms become part of a celebratory ritual.

    These drawings, which were conceived in New York (at Annie Plum’s loft) in 1995–1996, contain both Raimundo Figueroa’s formal lyricism with the terrains of abstractionism and his passionate approach to expressionism. In them, we will see fragments of our soul as we approach the end of the millennium, parts of a future, and an unknown map we have to construct in order to survive.

    The dry volcano and the flower. Quicksilver. The memory of the circle. The short colors of desire. The ashen archangel. WE FLY.

    About the writer: Manuel Alvarez Lezama is a professor at the University of Puerto Rico (Río Piedras Campus) and the School of Plastic Arts of Puerto Rico. He is the critic for The San Juan Star newspaper and a member of the International Association of Art Critics. (A.I.C.A.)

  • By: Laura Roulet | Independent curator, and art historian

    Essay published in the catalog of the exhibition “Influence of Silence” at the Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, 1995.

    INFLUENCE OF SILENCE

    As Raimundo Figueroa and I planned this exhibition, we disagreed over whether it should be considered a mid-career retrospective or not. He balked at the ponderous term, seeing the exhibit as a chance to show his recent large abstract paintings, which are informed by everything that has gone before them. For precisely this reason, I felt it was a good opportunity to take stock of an oeuvre. The three phases of the Secret Dialogues, Symbols of Growth, and Influence of Silence are each fully realized, but at the same time culminate in the mature, bold canvases of Earth, Fire, Water, and Grow Up. Figueroa’s work does not have one consistent "look." In fact,  he resists being typecast; however, it has many consistent themes and practices. Foremost is his faith in the language of abstraction.

    Rather than write a traditional, expository essay, I thought Figueroa himself, being thoughtful and, frankly, a voluble person, could articulate his own influences and intentions, as he does in the interview that follows. His visual sources range from the local flora and fauna to dream images. His inspirations stem from music, Jungian psychology, the Tao, and, above all, his emotions.

    Though the connection is not deliberate on his part, I see Figueroa as a spiritual heir to Vasily Kandinsky’s painting of the early 20th century. Both stress a relationship between the abstract expression of music and non-objective painting. Both have a sense of composing the elements of their paintings as a musical composer constructs a symphony. Unlike American artists who made the formal concerns of abstraction the subject of their work, Kandinsky and Figueroa use abstract symbols to give the viewer a “handle” on the spiritual content of the painting. Whereas Robert Ryman declares of these “white paintings”: “I want to paint the paint,” Figueroa’s White Paintings express an emotional state of observation.

    Also, like Kandinsky, Figueroa’s forms arise out of a Jungian sense of universal archetypes. The idea that a circular shape, whether a mandala or a halo, conveys a sense of spiritual wholeness, which is understood by all, consciously or unconsciously. Kandinsky writes in his Reminiscences of 1913: “I felt more and more clearly that it is not a question in art of the ‘formal’ but of an inner wish (=content) which imperatively determines the formal.” The artist’s internal reality determines the forms and colors composed aesthetically.

    A minimal painting like White over Red may seem visually far removed from the high contrast complexity of Happiness, yet both depict the exploration of emotions. The Secret Dialogues convey the inchoate underpinnings of the internal thought process. The White Paintings eliminate the visual and psychic clutter on the surface but retain the chaotic underpainting beneath. The recent Influence of Silence paintings, with their bright colors and bold graphic style, are like blown-up projections of earlier motifs. As Figueroa comments in the interview, “the symbols have grown. They have become the whole painting.”

    Throughout the surface changes of the works, the painting style remains the same: dense, many layers, spontaneous. As his titles suggest, his subject matter remains intensely personal and emotional. However, the feelings expressed—love and loss, illusion and disillusion, the desire to understand solitude, death, and God—are universal.

  • By: Humberto Figueroa | División de Artes Plásticas Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña

    Essay published in the catalog of the exhibition “Influence of Silence” at the Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, 1995.

    SKIN TATOO

    Raimundo Figueroa’s paintings portray color fields and chromed spaces similar to washed zones, smeared and swept with color and luminosity. In them are found the signs that talk about symbols that are actual or obsolete to the eye and that survey those pictorial lands. Through this ride, letters, words, numbers, and scribbles are recognized, which were drawn, scraped, scratched, and sometimes erased on the pictorial surface. They are like automatic notes from passing or everlasting thoughts about superficial and profound subjects.

    In them, the paint is a chromatic layer. The application process of the material body varies, showing differences in temperamental handling. They are metaphors and tracks from these creative processes. Schedules of the hand’s contact over the surface and traces from the mind and the instrument are registered in the daily discourses. The conceptual reflection goes hand in hand—and sometimes against the grain—with the formal process. Thus, the titles serve as a clue to identify ideas and themes that are related to the form that floats or anchors itself in the vast field of color and light. They float and pour the chromatic saturated stains—the cubes, houses, fish, phalluses, rings, buttonholes, kisses, vulvas, and shadows—which are emblems with no narrative intention. In the most recent series, the supports have already transformed into high-intensity light fields. White, amber light that insists on blurring details. They remind me of old skin fragments, aged leather tanned by the sun and salt; the lines are scars from wounds from cruel child games. They are like walls stained by the common hand, marked by the beating of palm and tree branches. They remain burnished by the sand that blows with the east winds.

  • By: Laura Roulet | Independent curator and art historian

    Essay published in the catalog of the exhibition “Works on Paper” at Luigi Marrozzini Gallery and Virginia Miller Gallery, 1992.

    FROM COLOR BLACK AND BACK

    “That longing you have to be invisible, transparent as glass, thin air—that is what moves you certain times to tears watching the evening fill with city lights and the long, dusty summer avenues rise weightless through the air and tremble like constellations in a sky so deep and clear—you are your one desire. Oh, let me be that blue."

    Katha Pollitt

    “Blue Window”

    The “White Paintings” mark a time of transformation and flux in Raimundo Figueroa’s work. A dichotomy emerges between his familiar iconography of boxes, ovals, fish, scribbled figures, or words and a new minimalism devoid of images. His former palette of bright primary colors and luminous pastels becomes literally overpainted with white or earthy brown, black, and gray. In many ways, the work represents the artist’s pull in seemingly opposite directions: between color and absence of color, between imagery and abstraction, between the material and the spiritual. Yet both the expository and the reductive styles of painting have as their underlying concern the process of becoming the artist Figueroa wants to be.

    Figueroa rejects the word “spiritual” in referring to his work as an appropriation of the Catholic Church, but "essential being” is an ever-present theme. The one-eyed figures (no relation to Ulysses’ cyclops) in “Two Faces” and “White Painting #12” represent this inner “third eye”. Whereas before he might have expressed a sense of spiritual longing with the phrase “empty the self of ego”, with his new series, the White Paintings, spirit appears as a one-eyed face or simply as whiteness. Figueroa’s minimalist paintings are reductions of psychic clutter more than aesthetic manifestos like the minimal work of Agnes Martin or Robert Ryman.

    Yet, like Milton Resnick or Brice Marden, the minimal paintings speak of process. The white surfaces of “White over Red #18” and "It's Only a Dream” are far from vacant. They reverberate with the layers of paint beneath, with the delicate pencil scratching on top, or in the case of “White over Red”, with the smooth planes left by the palette knife giving the impression of hidden depths, like winter pond life beneath frozen ice. His use of translucent mylar as the base for most of the “White Paintings” allows the viewer to see both sides, the surface and the undercoating, of each work. The process of building up color from deep red, blue, and black becomes apparent. The dark, patchy, and chaotic beginning of each painting is belied by the final, almost monochromatic surface.

    “I’m Finding Myself, White Painting #14”, takes this artistic conversion as its theme. A can of colored paint, surrounded by patches of yellow, red, and blue, is scratched out. The word “minimal” appears on the right, with a sketch for an abstract sculpture above. Figueroa’s desire to work in a more minimal mode or with sculpture is juxtaposed with his established colorful style.

    “I Miss the Good Times, White Painting #10”, also alludes to Figueroa’s yearning to move into three-dimensional work with an homage to Donald Judd’s modular wall sculptures in the upper right corner. This painting is a collage of things the artist cares about. Aside from art, the environment appears in the form of fish and flowers, and the totemic figure of the spirit, the “cosmic eye,” appears as well.

    Figueroa is not an artist who works in social isolation. Other people are important influences, and as two paintings in this series attest, he even has the idiosyncratic habit of painting while talking on the phone. “Where Are They?” and “The People That I Love” use lists of names and personal symbols to explain his concerns. The imagery of “Where Are They?” moves from a list of instigators of social and political change such as Allende, Ghandi, and Pancho Villa to nuclear missiles to figure-eight symbols of eternity. This diary of historical figures and the associations they evoke are contrasted with the musings on his career, which appear on the right side of the canvas. Together, they form a picture of the artist’s mind at a moment in time. The people listed in “The People that I Love” include the artist’s family, his girlfriend, and artists such as Arnaldo Roche, Fernando Colon, and Cy Twombly. People whom he admires and who have influenced his personal and artistic growth. A human figure is juxtaposed with a sun to indicate the mutation of the soul through death and rebirth. His heart and phallic shapes seem to stand for female and male relationships. Figueroa leads the viewer through his associative thought process, just as the viewer imagines his painting process in the minimal works.

    The mutation of the human spirit provides a theme for both types of paintings. In some works, the essential being struggles with the restraint of ego and hypocrisy. In orders, boxes fly and windows open in an effort to flee the artistic limitations imposed by the material outer world. In yet others, the chaotic process of painterly development is resolved by the calm of the abstract surface. Whether explained by words and symbols or alluded to through the artistic process, Figueroa gives us dynamic images of transformation.

  • Presented by Luigi Marrozzini Gallery

    Essay published in the catalog of the exhibition “Symbols of Growth” at the Art & History Museum of San Juan, 1989.

    THE GROWTH OF AN ARTIST

    The local public is most certainly aware of Raimundo Figueroa and his work, since he has participated in numerous exhibitions, both personal and collective, in different galleries over the past years.

    Personally, I would have introduced him to my collectors had I not found his work too derivative, although it had excellent pictorial and “stylistic” quality. This was not just my opinion. Art critic Manuel Perez Lizano, who covered a Figueroa retrospective in October of 1987 for El Nuevo Día, wrote: "In various works, one can appreciate an evident influence of Miró (Lover of Dreams) and of Picasso (Brothers, etc.)… excessive dependency on the plastic spirit of Chagall (The Emigrant, Stop the War).”

    At the time, Raimundo himself was not satisfied with his work and was in continual search for a style of his own, a more personal creative process. It’s not easy. Only thanks to the persistency that distinguishes him, his great capacity for work, his desire to find himself, and his conscious and admirable effort to channel all his internal forces and convert them into creative energy did he achieve it. And today, I present to you, finally, Raimundo Figueroa.

    Some might be tempted to attribute some references to Spanish informalism, to Milllares, or, according to the point of view, to American expressionism and, in particular, to Cy Twombly, but this time, the references are casual. The apparent similarity of his work to that of Cy Twombly, for instance, might seem obvious to a superficial observer; however, Figueroa’s use of color, which in his work plays a very significant role, has totally different meanings, as happens with the graffiti that he traces and scratches with a nervous gesture of the left hand. His calligraphic strokes, his spontaneous autographic gestural expressions, his color, and, most of all, his retelling of his experience through symbols of autobiographical emotion intrinsic to each canvas, are only Figueroa and pure Figueroa.

    At this point, I confess to not knowing the theory of creativity through chaos that the artist uses in his creative process. I also find unintelligible and/or irrelevant all the other little devilishness that the artist introduces or uses in the same process: occultism, cabala, alchemy, etc. None of these have served to transform lead into gold (not that this is necessary, since lead now has a respectable value of its own, and gold would be worth very little if there were as much of it as lead).

    I am pragmatic, and I prefer to see in the Figueroa of the series Symbols of Growth, the artist in search of himself, the child with a great desire to grow, the beginner of SRI CHIMMOY: "The moment you want to make constant and continuous progress, the moment you want to constantly surpass yourself and enter into the ever-transcending beyond, at that moment you become an eternal beginner.” The autobiographical retelling of the child Raimundo towards the adult Figueroa who tries to find himself reminds me of the late musical genius and poet Vinicius de Moraes, author of the Girl From Ypanema and Black Orpheus, in his series of compositions titled “Per Vivere un Grande Amore” in which he describes man’s steps through life, from infancy, when he still enjoys playing games, to the child awakening to his sexual instincts, loving his aunt from a distance with real passion, as well as all his young cousins in their tight skirts, to the man who makes it to Wall Street, makes money makes it to the cover of Time Magazine and ends up as ashes under a slab of marble and three feet of earth.

    The existential black hole still hasn’t swallowed up our artist, who has just begun to find himself. The apples in his work, which are almost hearts, and the hearts, which look like phallic symbols (profane and/or sacred love), are only symbols that suggest needs, emotions, and personal experiences—all those things that the future reserves the right to change, substituting one for others.

    Growth is painful, and the artist is a child in continual growth, open to constant change. Figueroa himself discovered, on one occasion, that the best book for children is one with blank pages. That is why I wish him many blank canvasses to come, so that he may continue to grow as the eternal beginner.

Interviews

  • The following is an edited version of a conversation between Raimundo Figueroa and William Stover that took place in the special exhibition galleries of the Art Gallery of Ontario on August 30 and 31, 2011.

    On view was Abstract Expressionist New York: Masterpieces from the Museum of Modern Art. The questions are not included to allow the artists answers to have a wider resonance.

    CONVERSATION WITH RAIMUNDO FIGUEROA

    Look at this de Kooning painting. He painted on paper, then laid the paper down on canvas. I find this interesting in terms of the discussion that surrounds painting today. There are a lot of contemporary artists, like Neo Rausch, who paint on paper and attach it to canvas. There have been discussions about his work and whether you call it a painting or a work on paper, but for de Kooning, it was not an issue. It’s a painting. But for Neo Rausch, it becomes an issue. I think this is due to the acceptance of the public or the art community in the case of de Kooning, Wifredo Lam, and others as to how they worked. They called it painting. A painting is a painting, regardless of the surface. There are some artists who like to use the surface of the paper because it is more absorbent and has less resistance. The canvas gives a lot of resistance to the paint; it is not like paper, which is friendlier in the ways the paint interacts with the surface. When you work with canvas, you have these limitations: it is less absorbent, and you need to make the solid more liquid. If you take, for instance, this Richard Pousette-Dart panting, it is very solid. There is no watery feeling to it. Even in the drips. But if this were paper, it would have a more raking feeling to it, and then the underlay would be immense. I think this is why de Kooning chose to work on paper, and I think he even said this many times. When I think of paper and the relationship it has to my creativity, I only think of a finished work of art. I have on many occasions used paper as the support of my work due to the intrinsic properties of the paper. The collages on canvas are an example of what I am talking about. I think there is a misconception in the market where the belief is that work on canvas is more valuable than work on paper, but I don’t agree. A work on paper is a work. In the case of Jean-Michel Basquiat, we are seeing more and more respect for the works on paper. I mentioned Lam's work, "The Jungle", for instance; that work was made on paper and later attached to canvas. That was a process that was popular at the beginning of the 1950s, and I think artists want to work on paper because it is easier to apply layer after layer; not that you can’t do this on canvas, but it requires more patience, I guess. I associate work on paper more with spontaneity. If you look at these Franz Kline paintings, they seem to be spontaneous, but they are not. This has to do with the material. If they were done on paper, the brush would drip and give it an Asian feel. You know, in Asian art, through the use of Sumi ink, when making the same kind of movements and gestures, you see and feel the drips, but in Kline’s paintings, you can see how intentionally he covered the drips. His movements are very rigid, and in some cases, I feel there is a problem with the form because they bring your eyes to certain areas of the canvas, and then the tension that exists in the work disappears; it is dissipated. There are certain forms in the analysis of a structure that, if you think about the repetitive patterns or how you can cancel the corner of a rectangle to bring that tension to the center, those are decisions to be made by the artist. This is something I think about all the time. How do I want the viewer to enter the work? How do I attract them? How do I make them closer to the work? Where do I want people to look at my paintings? I think that has to do with the form. This changes with each painting. Each painting has its own tension and intention.

    During the period of the work in this show, many of the artists called their paintings "Untitled", so they did not direct the viewer toward a particular concept. Because once you put a title on a painting, you provoke the viewer to think about the work in a certain way. My work that is intentionally untitled is done so to allow the philosophical, existential, and psychological questions that I have to be put out there without making the viewer ask my questions, but to enable them to develop questions of their own. The things that I am interested in—these big, universal questions, I believe—are also of interest to many others. I take the questions, the conversations, and the dialogues that happen in culture and put them in paintings to make people aware of matters that we all think about. I believe that our general concerns, wherever we are in the world, are all the same. That is why I use symbols in my work; they communicate with the greatest number of people. Symbols are signs, representations, emblems, or codes that almost anyone can recognize and understand. When I do use titles, I do so with the idea of provoking the spectator to see if they can use their imagination to conclude the story. I believe there always has to be room for the spectator to build the story together with the object. If not, it would be too evident, too clear, and too simple. And in a way, it will be a big mistake in the process of creativity. You would not leave room for the spectators to enjoy and to become part of the process, because, as you have to remember, an object is not finished without a spectator. The viewer has to become part of the object, and there has to be a reaction, either positive or negative. I have had both. People have gotten very angry, and people have fallen in love when looking at my paintings. But this is all in their imagination. I am happy to see that it incites anger or a romantic situation, because I talk very frequently in my paintings about the human relationship.

    For instance, I use phrases like “the kisses of your love" or “joined by the mouth,” because everything that you bring out of your mouth is making it material. If you say “I want,” this is becoming material. It’s a realization of what's on your mind. We have to be very careful of what we let out of our mouths, because when we throw it out into the universe, it gets together with other energies to attain what we want. And if it’s negative, it’s negative; if it’s positive, it’s positive. It’s going to happen because you already opened the channel for this to happen. So this is a message I’m giving in my art.

    The major concentration in my studies has been on the mind and the brain. How do they work? How do we communicate? I have studied a lot of philosophy as well as history and psychology. We go through life learning many subjects and how to become sophisticated in them. We recognize value, flavors, smells, literature, music, and many other matters, including insignificant ones. Yet we normally do not listen to our own minds and the emotions they dictate to us. In that sense, the selection of color in my work is not accidental. I work with a color palette that imparts the feeling of the emotion that I want in a particular work. How I portray an emotion is very important to me. Now we are standing in front of these Jackson Pollock paintings, and for him, the activity of painting was portraying his emotions. I find it interesting that Pollock was an assistant to David Alfaro Siqueiros, and the Mexican muralists were already practicing these dripping techniques that Pollock became so famous for. Is this where the idea came from? This brings me to something that I feel is important: there should be no divisions. Does it matter if an artist is from New York or from Mexico in terms of their work? We still have the tendency to talk about artists in terms of where they are from rather than so many other factors that are important for their work. I received a phone call from a curator a while back, who told me he was working on a Latin American show and he wanted to include masks and show primitive influences on contemporary paintings. Why is this? It is very limiting. A mask can be Pollock’s Number 8. It is a different kind of mask, but it is one. To me, it does not make sense to associate artists, writers, or anyone with a particular place. In my case, because I have a Spanish name, I get associated with certain groups or places. This is something I have been fighting about because I want people to see the work on its own terms, not through the lens of a certain culture. I am an artist who happens to be American with Spanish roots. I am not a Spanish-American artist. Going back to emotions and colors, many artists, from Leonardo da Vinci to Joseph Albers, studied color—which colors vibrate more, which colors affect us in different ways, and which colors you would use to portray certain emotions. Colors, like music, have properties and vibrations that can be measured. When we kiss someone, we have an emotion. When we associate specific colors with particular emotions—red lips, red for passion, red paint—we do so because this is how it is structured in our society. It is something that we learn early on. And when we communicate, it is easier to do so in a way we already know: what has been established. But if you break away from that and use yellow to represent passion, it would be totally new and unusual. But when you look at color itself and the purity of color, you see that blue and yellow are the ones that vibrate the most. But we don’t use blue or yellow for passion; they really should be the colors for passion. And when we talk about emotions, we talk about the heart. This is just another part of the human body. We never say I love you with my brain. If you say that, it would be improper. We have adopted the heart to demonstrate an emotion. When you think about emotions, they are coming from an area of your mind, not from the heart. I am trying to break away from these conventional notions in my work. Through form, analysis, and creating tension when there seems to be no tension.

    There is an eternal need to create. If you take, for instance, all the major sacred books, they all start with the process of creativity. The I-Ching is the first chapter on creativity. The Old Testament; the first chapter, creativity. The Bhagavad Gita; the first chapter, creativity. I could go on and on. Creativity is the nature of the human being. It is the process by which we are ruled. Then comes talent. If one is responsive to it, you will discover that your talent will come to you naturally. I think we sometimes fail at this because we are always in a hurry. And creativity has to have its own rhythm. If you can get connected with your superior mind, what Sigmund Freud calls the subconscious and Carl Jung called the collective consciousness, this is where creativity happens. Since the early stages of civilization, stimulants have been used to connect the inner mind with the universe. It is also done through meditation, yoga, and other practices, but the question is: how, as artists, do we achieve this? I believe in discipline. Discipline brings release from conventions, and you become connected to the unconscious part of your brain. Think about when you learn how to ride a bicycle: after you learn to balance and how to pedal, you practice and practice, and eventually you can jump on and start riding away without even thinking about it. This is what discipline does. But there are limitations, which are the technical aspects of creativity. I believe in a formula like this: you think fully, you analyze what you have thought, and you express it in the best way you know how. But to arrive at a mind that is totally free, you have to rid yourself of all the psychological and social concepts and aspects of society. If you work at it, there is no way you cannot get connected. If you are not connected, you cannot achieve creativity. For me, painting is total freedom, and there are no limits because creativity is chaotic. It is the most chaotic process in the mind.

    I think the most difficult thing to do as an artist is to find a language you like and are comfortable with and continue to explore it to the limit. When you read something like Shakespeare or even a more contemporary writer like Patrick Süskind, you see the intellectuality of the writer. But I believe that painting, and art in general, is subordinate to writing. I believe that you have to have a sophisticated mind to read a painting. Sophisticated in the sense that one needs to have the sensibility to confront a painting and read it. It is different when an interpreter comes and gives you a hand by talking about the painting, and then the viewer looks at the painting through the interpreter’s eyes and not their own. But generally, in society, we are not taught how to read paintings. We need interpreters because, for many, symbolism and the ability to read symbols have died out. You need to have a more complete education to be able to read paintings. In the case of Basquiat, it is a language that is easier to understand in its rawness, emotion, and immediacy, but it is very complex in the language itself and the depth of what he was portraying, but at the same time, it attracts a larger audience. His symbols are understood by a larger number of people. It is naive and childlike in a way; it is like the way we all drew when we were young, and so it is attractive in that way. But it also addresses a lot of difficult issues in our society. It is work that, in some cases, is easy to live with because you can hang them on your wall and they will always talk to you. This makes me think about Walt Whitman and a poem that was inspired by watching a young boy swim. He is basically devouring this boy with his eyes, and he writes this down on paper. Society at the time did not understand or approve of these desires, but because of his wonderful way of using words, it became a popular poem. I think the same is true for Basquiat. He is portraying a difficult reality, but because the language he uses is one we understand, we can live with his work. It is similar to my work. Because I am so involved with the intellect and these large questions, I have tried to make the work look spontaneous and open by using a language most can understand. This is why I have made monochrome paintings. To try and get away from everything except one thing. From that one color and how it evolves as the viewer looks at it. Even though a painting may be yellow, at the end, it is not yellow, but that is the whole idea behind it. It becomes a language that calls and attracts the viewer and invites them into the work. A number of art writers have said that one-color paintings are difficult for the public to interpret because activity in a painting brings engagement.

    In looking at artists’ work, we talk about "mature,” "development," and “strong periods," and when we go to school, we learn how to write letters, the basics of mathematics, history, etc., but school is limited in helping the human being understand their own brain. It is not part of the curriculum in our society. When you go to art school, you learn all these things about how to navigate the art world, but we do not pay attention to the inner mind that is provoking us to create. In my opinion, paying attention to our inner minds is very important for every creator. There is an emotional part to all of this. How do you portray sadness or happiness—all those simple and not-so-simple things we live through? In my work, my drive is to show inner matters.

    What I want to achieve is for my paintings to speak to the viewers themselves, without me or an interpreter. For me, when a work of art stands by itself and no one has to explain it, that is a good painting. Whether people like it, hate it, or even have an indifferent emotion toward it, the painting should stand on its own in the sense that it portrays the emotion you selected it to portray. I saw an exhibition at the Prado in Madrid a few years ago that contrasted the work of Picasso with Velasquez and Goya works from the collection. In the show, you had the Velasquez, Las Meninas, and a Picasso Las Meninas, one in front of the other. You can see that some artists use history to inspire their own work. They are engaged with the memory of what we know. As human beings, we need associations with history, and those associations give credibility to the new material and the new work. This new material needs a base of history to give it support. I find it totally unnecessary, but it makes art what it is. I think this is an unavoidable relationship.

    I do believe that the art of the future is painting. Many curators think otherwise, promoting video art, installation art, and more ephemeral kinds of work, which, of course, I respect. But I believe painting will continue to have relevance forever. In the 1970s, I was a performance artist. I took actions, dealt with smells, silence, and other things. I also assembled garbage constructions, and in one piece, I purchased the cups or cans that junkies on the street used to beg for money and made installations with them. Although performance is very engaging and people like it, I decided to shift my focus because all of this was ephemeral and I wanted to make objects that were permanent. I began to believe that painting had more to offer. It offers a portrait of an emotion that will live on forever. That was, and still is, my desire. Whether the painting is abstract or figurative, if there is a vibration, that work is going to live. If a painting is well done and has all these properties of vibration, it will continue vibrating forever. I don’t think museum walls are dead. We are in a museum now, and these paintings, most from the 1950s, are vibrating. This certainly continues today. Look at Brice Marden. He is a good painter. He knows what he is doing. You walk into the gallery, and those paintings talk to you. Whether you like them or not, I am not talking about taste. I am not talking about the images or aesthetics, but his paintings were well constructed, and they talk. They vibrate, and the viewer is obliged to feel them. When you enter a room and you see a painting, you can say, “I don’t like that,” but the work occupies a space and it vibrates. Diana Ad Hadid's drawings are alive, as are Jenny Saville’s paintings. Elizabeth Peyton, too, has found a language that is not gimmicky, and her little works vibrate. There is a huge spectrum of interesting work that resonates. Painting that communicates something, whether it is contemplation or emotion, has presence. I could not live with a Jenny Saville painting, but they do vibrate, and the work is unavoidable. Look at the number of people around us in these galleries. It tells you about the resonance these paintings have, and they will continue to have and draw different generations to come and look at them and be inspired by them. That is the power of painting.

    Jacob Bronowski concludes in The Ascent of Man by Means of Natural Selection that we are looking into another universe, and that universe is the mind. He writes that the most important thing we are missing is the understanding of the mind and the energy of the mind. It is all very abstract to us, but remember, Freud made his discoveries in the late 1800s, already over 100 years ago. Still, his work remains the basis for the study of the mind. His colleagues, like Richard Wilhem and Carl Jung, and even more recently, Muriel James and Stephen Karman, all say that eventually we will be able to communicate the energy of the mind. Even though humans are very evolved, we are still very primitive. Painting is the most sophisticated way of communicating that energy. That is why viewers contemplate paintings in silence, because the painting is making noise. It is an artist’s responsibility to figure out how to explore this. My paintings come from the exercise of thinking and thinking and thinking, and eventually they emerge and evolve. In the execution of my paintings, there is room for accident. But the challenge, in my case, is to make something look very spontaneous, though I have been working on it. Making it look fresh and unplanned is a real challenge for me. That responsibility is also a challenge. As I always say, once you make a successful painting, the establishment wants you to make more of them. That is why you find many successful painters making unsuccessful paintings.

    The use of the skull as a symbol is prevalent in many cultures. In Mexico, for instance, there are all these ceremonies for the dead that use the skull. In the history of art, the skull has also been used by many cultures to symbolize the transience of life and death. But when something dies, there is a mutation of energy that is going to revert back to life. I used the death symbol in my art because, for me, it is not death but life. Because the process of death or decay is a natural process through which things grow again, death and new energies are attached to one another. We are not taught this as children and are not aware of how important it is for us to understand this cycle. We are kept away from it, even to the point that people suffer so much because of the concept of loss—in relationships, in material objects, and in losing someone. I had used the skull in works such as St. Augustine Says (1969) and Mambru Se Fue a la Guerra, but stopped using it when it became a reactionary symbol in New York in the 1980s. In this sense, my paintings are reflective of our society, yet they are about larger things. The ways my paintings are constructed and what is included in the paintings come from interactions with the world and reactions to situations in the world. My Mia exhibition was a reaction to the war in the Middle East, and the black and white paintings, although I brought them from Tao Tai Ching, are a reaction to the current moment in our world. Anatomy of Love includes many skulls; it’s a reaction to the use of the skull as just a death symbol. To make us understand that life and love are in continuous change and movement—it lives and it dies.

    Although many believe that the process of creativity is a process of acting in disorder, for me, chaos is equal to order. When looking at nature, a simple example of this is when a drop of water falls into a leaf, runs down the leaf, and hits the ground where there are some spores, and those spores are fecundated. This happens randomly. Nature didn’t say okay; this drop has to fall here or there. There are millions of spores, and maybe only one gets a drop of water on it, and that creates life. So, the chaos in the universe is ordered. It is the order in which the universe organizes itself randomly. We don’t usually think about it in this way because we believe order, not randomness or chaos, is what generates life and creativity. I believe that creativity is attached to chaos. A lot of people think that artists create in times of crisis. I believe that artists create best when they are in the process of developing a discipline. It is like being an athlete; you stretch your muscles, you run every day, and you are ready. A dancer’s muscles have to be ready for a leap, or a violinist’s fingers need to be nimble. The relationship between the mind and the body has to be ready. In the same way, I believe that the artist, the painter, has to be ready to execute, but with discipline. This discipline may include drawing, reading stories, exercising the mind, and understanding the language that you want to portray in the work. Creativity is not a process that comes in one moment. I believe it’s a continuous process. I think it is necessary for the artist to continuously reinvent and reorganize. We continually move and change, and this is very important to understand.

    If one has a special talent, and I believe there is such a thing as a special talent, whether it’s for hitting a ball with the racquet or playing the violin or drawing or painting, there comes a responsibility for the individual who has it to develop it. Then comes the sensibility of creating objects from the special talent that an individual may have. We believe in our society that we can make artists. Even though I believe that you can teach certain things to a person, like how to carve a piece of wood or how to use a camera, etc., there is an inner natural talent that you cannot teach. You cannot teach a person to understand the balance of colors or the demands of the universe. Yes, you can explain this, and there are theories about it, but for me, this is within the nature of the person. That is why we use the word style—the style of an A artist or a B artist. The same exists in sports. When you look at a sport like tennis, you see the different personalities. The way they hit the forehand, the way they bring the racquet back, the way they finish the shot, etc. It’s their style of playing. Traditionally speaking, we have had, in the past, the formation of schools and rules. If we go back to the Renaissance or the Baroque, for instance, there were certain patterns that were accepted, and they became rules. Then the masters taught the rules. This is what you can do; this is what you cannot do. Students learned the rules and specific processes, and then many broke away from them. The creative mind is daring: “I’m going to challenge these rules, and I’m going to do what my mind is telling me to do.” This is a process of education. So yes, you can teach the rules and the methods, but in the end, it is the chaotic mind of the artist that provokes their ideas into being.

    An artist needs to evolve with time. You cannot remain doing the same thing you were doing ten or twenty years ago because society evolves; the whole world evolves. It is like going to a concert: the singer comes on stage and the audience wants him to sing the same songs he was singing in the 1960s and 1970s, but he has a bunch of new compositions, but the audience does not want to hear those. And this is the same story, I believe, with art. The audience has a memory. For example, look at Cy Twombly, who died earlier this year. When you talk to a specialist, they want a particular period or kind of painting—a 1960s blackboard painting. But the guy evolved; he did extraordinary things. In my opinion, if the artist is genuine and is working honestly, the work becomes better and better. That’s the way I see it. And in some cases, you can see it extremely clearly. I’ve been working in the arts since I was very little, and I am now 54 years old. I started showing my work when I was 13 or 14, and in that time, my work and my ideas have constantly evolved and become better.

    The success factor is also something that one has to confront. This is why I believe it’s so important to have a certain amount of privacy and time to create; otherwise, artists are asked to make more and more of the same work. Going back to my Mia series, there are 52 paintings related to love and the war. Mia is short for the names Maria, Isabella, and Andrea, but at the same time, it also refers to “missing in action.” I portrayed this situation in two ways. Each work consisted of two panels—a frenetic painting and a selected flower—representing beauty and chaos. It was a very successful show. Sold out the night it opened, maybe before it opened. Later on, when I was making paintings that were very different, the dealer and other people asked me, “You’re not painting flowers?” And I said, “I have never painted flowers.” Because those are not flowers. They look like flowers to some people, but they are an emotion related to the situation of the war in Iraq. Each painting had a poem on it, but most people saw flowers. They liked the flowers; they thought the flowers were very beautiful, but the flowers were carrying the weight of the deaths happening there. I painted the flowers extremely beautiful because they needed to be that beautiful. I wanted them to carry that duality. In a sense, all of my work carries that duality. I want that. I have struggled to try and put the dualities that exist in life in my paintings—to share this with the public. There are stories inside the paintings and between the paintings. For instance, there is a painting called In a Battle Between Two Roses: A Princess Has Died. Roses are symbols; a red rose means love, a white rose means purity, and a pink rose means appreciation. All positive associations, but roses have thorns!

    I believe in nature, and I like to be in touch with nature. In a way, that is portrayed in the work. I am in touch with the basic energy of the earth. I am not a mystic, but the energy that fresh air, sunlight, and dirt contain is a source and is important for my work. I also question a lot of philosophical matters. Such as, What is beauty? Is beauty something that we create or resist? I think a lot of people have misinterpreted that, thinking that I am a searcher of beauty. I’m not searching for beauty; that’s not the point. I’m searching for answers. The point is the question. I am an artist who developed myself in the 1970s and 1980s, and many of my colleagues of the time were reactionaries against beauty. My reaction was, ok, so what are you reacting to or against? Yes, it’s their reaction to society, but because of the different concepts in different cultures, the interpretations of those reactions could be totally different. Take tattoos. I don’t have any tattoos, but I do use them in my paintings. In some cultures, tattoos are frowned upon, while in others, you have to be tattooed. Even in our culture, you have a whole spectrum of how people are tattooing themselves, from primitive tattoos to marine tattoos. My reaction to my time in New York, when I was living and working there, was not to be a punk or a rascal, but to have a reaction to that reaction.

    We talk about “reading a painting.” There’s a tradition of reading paintings in a certain way, and I am interested in how viewers “read” a painting. When you look at my paintings, they look extremely simple visually, but they are intellectually complex. There are many symbols that I use that I pick up not only from written language but also from the language of our ancestors. I use rectangles, triangles, circles, boxes, numbers, and letters. And the way the numbers are placed in some of the paintings has to do with astrology and numerology. I don’t talk too much about that because I believe that when you start explaining certain things about the universe, one has to be ready to receive these messages. If I talk about certain things and someone is not ready, then the conversation will go in a difficult direction. People will think I am weird or talking nonsense, but these are very deep things that can only be understood when one is receptive. A lot of numerological formulas can be found in my paintings. They have to do with the alienation of planets and ancestral knowledge. So the titles of the paintings, the numbers, and the symbols are related. For me, they are very deep philosophical paintings. But I always try to make them very beautiful so people can live with them.

    I try to make everything that I use in my work. If I want to have photos on a collage, what I do is take the photos and process them the way I want. When you see my collages, it looks as if they are composed of found objects, but I spend periods of time making everything. I may find some old comics, so I copy them, draw them, cut them, and then put them together. I made the erotic photos on my collages and then incorporated them into the work. I use the camera as an instrument. I don’t use it to take photos like most people would. I use it because I have a process in mind. I want the model to sit like this, then do this, etc., then I take the photo, develop it, and use it for the collage. It’s not accidental. I’m thinking about it all the time. I use natural glue that I make. And I make all those inks used in the drawings. I also use coffee, made from different kinds of beans. And these materials last forever. It’s easy to go and buy material. There is a lot of really good material out there that one can buy, but making everything that goes into my work unique in itself. There can also be symbolic reasons to use certain materials. I started making the coffee drawings when I was in New York and had a lack of resources. I made coffee, like anyone else, to drink in the morning, and looking at it, I realized that it can also be used as material for my work. So I started studying it and experimenting with it. Something that started out of necessity has become a very good medium. It became something that evolved, and in the end, it’s interesting because the coffee is preventing the paper from getting fungus.

    We need to study a lot because there are so many things that have already been discovered by other people. And we hit ourselves against the wall trying to discover new ways of communicating or theories, but those things do exist already. One needs to have the knowledge and adapt it in order to have our language; we save time and energy, and we are able to bring up front what we want to say in an easier way. But it takes time and discipline. I believe in discipline. It would be very difficult for me to knock out paintings. I cannot work like that. Not physically or intellectually. It’s an involved process. I think about the work, write about the work, sleep with the work, and wake up with the work on my mind. I look at what I have painted the day before, study it, and think about it, and this takes time. Some of the paintings in which I confront three or four people require a lot of thinking and study of the people that I’m confronting. One painting called Secret Dialogue with Krishnamurti, Gustav Mahler, and Sigmund Freud is a visual testimony of the confrontation of three important thinkers with me. Each of these three is a great thinker with very complex theories and demanding ideas. I have to try and get to know each of the three—their philosophies, their histories, etc.—in order to confront them. This is one painting, and it is very complex. It takes a long time for me to weave all those ideas together, confront them, lay them down on canvas, and make that canvas come alive. In more recent paintings, like the black and white series, they are also confrontational situations of existence. Visually, they are very simple because the symbols used have grown into taking over the action of the whole canvas. They are confrontations of achievement, of happiness, of knowledge, of understanding. This is the basic principle of Lao Tse, who wrote the book Tao Te Ching. He tried to understand the same process I’m trying to portray in the paintings.

    In everybody’s mind, there is a memory of the ending of words or the beginning of words. Freud studied this to the limit. And he wrote a book called The Psychopathology of Daily Life. This is a book everybody should read before they go on to Interpretation of Dreams or any other of his writings. The psychopathology of daily life is the memory that we have—our emotional memories. We may be talking and I say something; it could be just a little thing, like the word "haste," and the end of the word is similar to “hate”. The ending of the word provokes a trigger in your memory—some emotion of the past—and that’s what I’m trying to elicit with the titles of the paintings. Bring the person to that emotion and see if they can understand it. It is not necessarily the emotion that I am thinking about when I’m painting the painting. One of the things we don’t totally understand is that the mind is hermetic—totally hermetic. What I have in my mind or what another has in their mind, nobody knows. And thoughts cannot kill or damage anyone. It’s the energy that is produced by the word. When it remains in the mind, it’s private. In my case, it’s more evident because I put them on the canvas. I moved myself to do that. One becomes nude when you are creating. Completely nude because painting is a private event. When you perform in front of an audience, this is an interaction because it is meant to be done in front of people; when you are painting, it’s done alone. It’s just you, with your own turmoil, demons, angels, whatever is around you. Some of that aloneness or turmoil is then put down on the canvas. Even if the work is minimal, everything is there. The same way I believe in alchemy, although the painting is white, it’s actually not white because the colors are symbols.

    I believe that the beauty of my white paintings lies in the fact that when you look at them, they start evolving, and the viewer starts seeing the reds, the yellows, the blues, and everything else that is there—the layering. I achieve this out of necessity, because I have the need to put down one layer, then another layer, and another layer, not to make them flat. This is something that I have a need to do to create the depth in the paintings and to create three-dimensionality. Remember, a painting is a two-dimensional object. It’s not a sculpture that you can move around and look at from different sides, so one needs to keep that in mind and create the dimensions in the picture plane. You can create an illusion of dimension by creating perspective, but also through layering paint and having the colors interact with each other, so when finished, you have an object that looks three-dimensional, although it has just two dimensions. I like the idea of creating an object that has that energy. And it doesn’t have to have anything to do with the size, because you can make a small painting of one foot square that carries the energy of a ten foot square painting. That is the challenge. To create an object that has energy, regardless of its size. Sometimes I make little paintings, and they occupy the room. I also like to make the paintings glow. To do that, I paint the top edge of the canvas so that when the light hits it, a glow is created. The luminescence of that particular color occupies the space, and it looks like it has an aura. This is most noticeable in a proper installation with the proper lighting. The whole idea is to make an object that has its own light. It is very subtle, but important. That’s why my work is not something that I can crank out. The seeming simplicity of them overtakes the real technicality of them and the details within them. It is like listening to Mozart’s late quartets, the Hayden quartets, or compositions like that, which are really technically difficult to perform. But when they are played properly, they sound like child music—very simple, and that’s the beauty of it. Or when you go to the ballet and you see a brilliant ballet dancer performing, and everything looks effortless—it looks like she’s floating in the air. That’s the beauty of it. That is what I try to achieve in my paintings.

    I feel that there should be something called the “School of New York of the 1980s.” Maybe we need someone to organize this in a way to understand it more clearly, but there were a group of painters who influenced each other in numerous ways—the conversations, the market, the relationships. I was part of that time, and as good as much of it was, I had to leave. I needed to be in a more secluded place so I could think and grow. Staying in New York would have stopped me from evolving the way I have. Some people believe I lost by leaving New York. Because I was showing with galleries and artists who became very well-known, they think I lost my career. But I didn’t because I had the opportunity to show in some major exhibitions around the world and have my work seen by different audiences in different contexts. To me, that’s more important than having a specific person sell my work. On the contrary, I’ve been the problem because I want to take my time and do what I need to do and have my poetry, so to speak, in the paintings, and that takes time. That is what I needed—time to not be in a hurry. For a period of time, I preferred to do museum shows only, not commercial galleries. Even 10 years ago, I wanted to present my work without having a commercial attachment to it. But the reality is that one has to live and pay the rent, water, electricity, and all that. Still the same, having an environment where the spectator can go freely without any indication of commercial relationships is the ideal situation to enjoy the work. A person can stand in front of a work that’s talking to them, and nobody is telling them to buy this painting. That’s what I have always wanted. So in the last few years, I’ve been doing shows in spaces that I find, such as an old church or an old barn—places where people can go and where there is no relation to a commercial thing. It gives people a different context in which to place the work and a different context in which to think about it. This is why museum shows are important. People can go and enjoy the paintings over and over again, and they have a relationship with the work. Museums are a much better place to see art. That’s my point of view. Shall we go?

  • By: Laura Roulet | Independent curator, and art historian.

    Published for the exhibition “Influence of Silence” at the Instituto de Cultura Puertorriqueña, 1995.

    INTERVIEW WITH RAIMUNDO FIGUEROA

    Laura Roulet: You were born in San Juan, grew up in Puerto Rico, moved to the United States to study music, began showing your paintings there, and then moved back here. Why?

    Raimundo Figueroa: When I returned to Puerto Rico, I was trying to get away from the main scene in New York. Thinking that I would be able to somehow look deeply into my own emotions and try to evolve from there.

    LR: What didn’t you like about working in New York?

    RF: New York was very trendy. I wanted to be more in contact with nature than with the art critics and the scene.

    LR: What do you gain from living here?

    RF: Basically, the pleasure of being in contact with nature. Being on the beach, the water, and the weather. Professionally speaking, it’s been very difficult here because I have a Spanish name, Raimundo Figueroa. So when I first came here in ’83, probably people were expecting to see another Latin artist, another Spanish artist. My work is not related aesthetically to the pure Latin American images. Although there are some emotions in my work that are related to Latin American work—the romantic subjects or the political observations.

    LR: You have problems because you don’t fit the stereotypes. Do you feel hostility from the Puerto Rican audience or incomprehension?

    RF: I wouldn’t call it hostility. There is a political thing about this sort of painting being related to the New York School. It’s like abstraction comes from the U.S. with some exceptions. There are a handful of people who understand that this is a universal style.

    LR: What about the artists here who are working in abstraction? Do you relate to their work?

    RF: Well, I sort of live in isolation. I decided many years ago that I was just going to do my work. That was the reason I came back here. There are some artists, like Carlos Dávila and Julio Suarez. My work is not related to that of these artists, but they have struggled the same as me in the sense of trying to bring their work to the attention of the public. I would say the younger painters, like Edwin Velazquez and Fernando Colon, are the ones who are leaving the island. Wilfredo Cheisa is in Boston. There is a woman whose work I like a lot: Dhara Rivera. I have always admired the work of Julio Rosado del Valle.

    LR: How does your work fit into the Caribbean context?

    RF: I would say there are a lot of Caribbean matters in it: fish, flowers, turtles, colors. But they’re not in the traditional way of the Caribbean, as you call it.

    They’re not the stereotype of the Caribbean. I think I’m very influenced by the colors here and the brilliance of light in this area of the world. When I was in New York and Washington, my work was very dark.

    At some point, I’ve done paintings that have to do with subjects here, such as flamboyant trees. But actually, you couldn’t see a tree there. There were just orange colors in the painting.

    LR: An impression of a flamboyan.

    RF: Right, of the cockfighting paintings that have no birds, no people, just the motion of the painting. So, I would say there is a Caribbean flavor in my painting and the influence of Puerto Rico. Although I always thought there was a difference between being Puerto Rican, American, or German, the mind creates these cultural barriers. Painting is as universal as music.

    LR: What are your artistic roots from childhood?

    RF: I remember that I was very aware of nature. I have a couple of stories that I like to remember. I would draw huge animals on the pavement, like huge elephants, birds, or crickets. I’d blow them up very big, and then I would go up on the roof of the house and watch them. This is when I started drawing.

    LR: Six years old? Seven?

    RF: Probably earlier. That’s one of the good memories I have. And the other one is picking up insects from the field. I was very curious. For a while, these things appeared in my paintings. They still appear sometimes—a scribble of a little cricket.

    Later on, when I was twelve years old, I met a psychiatrist. And these questions of assistance evolved in the conversations with this psychiatrist. I see that it’s been very painful to grow up, the process of education, and all this. And the most difficult subjects to confront are death, the loss of something that you want or someone, and understanding those feelings. Although it appears in my paintings very frequently, it’s still difficult to deal with the emotion of loss.

    LR: Are your paintings an expression of those emotions or a way of working through them?

    RF: First, they are an aesthetic matter that carries those emotions. That’s why the titles are very emotional, like Everything I Touch Becomes Love. That’s the story of King Midas in reverse.

    I am very involved in the psychological process of growing up. I cannot get away from that in my paintings because they are a reflection of everyday life. I’d say these emotions must be resolved first, or they would interfere with the process of creativity.

    For me, creativity is like a process of meditation. When I go into the studio, I first go into a state of meditation. It’s not like meditation with a mantra. It’s not a religious thing. It’s more like a state of observation, like when you sit down and watch a tree. This tree has all this life. It was just a tree, and then you see a bird feeding on the tree and insects—all this activity. It becomes a microcosm.

    That’s how I paint. I go to the studio and try to have this attitude of observation, and the painting becomes a microcosm. At one point, people said, “They look very simple.” They look simple at the beginning, but if you keep observing, there is so much evolving there, so much emotion.

    LR: The Secret Dialogue series has a lot of activity, which becomes apparent the more you look at it. How does this description fit with the Influence of Silence series—the large abstracts?

    RF: I am a very eclectic person. I could enjoy something very simple, like a Gregorian chant, or very complicated, like a Mahler symphony. So these paintings evolved from that idea—the White Paintings. One of them is called It’s My Heart You’re Holding, Not My Watch. When I did that painting, I was thinking of the need to be aware of your feelings. Knowing that feelings are part of your mind and your brain and that you can analyze those feelings, we live in a society that is completely asleep. We don’t want to get involved in these feelings. Especially when these feelings could make you aware that it’s your child who is suffering and it is not necessary to suffer. I’m a child when I paint, but as an adult, I can also use my mind and analyze things.

    LR: So, you have a Freudian approach to painting?

    RF: Jungian. I believe in symbols. As you can see in some of the Secret Dialogue paintings, and we can go further, in the Symbols of Growth, there were already some of the symbols that became isolated in the new work.

    LR: Such as?

    RF: The oval, for instance.

    LR: What is that a symbol of for you?

    RF: It symbolizes the totality of life, like the Tao. The Tao is everything—life, the total understanding of existence. It was already in the earlier paintings, but sort of hidden in the chaotic, emotional situations. So somehow, I have been able to conquer those chaotic situations. Then being able to go back to them too—that's a real thrill.

    This symbol has started to evolve again. The work became simpler on the surface, although the application of pigments and colors was very chaotic. Earth, Fire, and Water is full of textures and colors in the underground. What is red is actually not red. It has blues and yellows. Then I decided to cover it. It’s completely attached to Secret Dialogue on Solitude, the lower panel.

    I worked on the large abstracts for a year. I did probably 200–300 drawings. I didn’t want to discuss it because then it could become collaborative work. That’s the idea of the Secret Dialogues, because I include other people’s comments on the paintings.

    LR: But now you don’t want other comments.

    RF: No, I just want my own comments.

    LR: Let’s talk about some more of your symbols. What about the figure eight? Is that a symbol of eternity?

    RF: As a kid, I learned that was the symbol of totality too. You start at one point and get to that point, and you will have conquered the whole universe of one Jine. I think it was the most difficult figure for me to draw as a kid because I never wanted to get back to the same place. I wanted to go further.

    In this group of paintings that are more minimal, the symbols have grown. They have become the whole painting. They’re more on the first plane, whereas in the others they are hiding.

    LR: Does that show your desire to make a stronger statement graphically or a simplification of your philosophy?

    RF: You have to remember I come from the music field, and my favorite subject in music was form and analysis. Music and paintings—it's the same thing. One comes through your ears, and the other through your eyes.

    We would analyze the compositions of early composers. One professor, Hector Tosar, would isolate one subject of a Beethoven symphony.

    LR: One theme?

    RF: One subject, not a theme, a rhythm pattern. Like the classical pattern of the Fifth Symphony: de de de da. We would take that and see where it was placed all over the composition and how the composer used his genius to make a melody out of it in the second movement. No painter has talked to me like this.

    LR: Although a painter like Kandinsky made an effort to use that concept of music, he created symbols that represented themes in his painting and composed them in an abstract form.

    RF: I’m not trying to do that, but coming from that background, it’s always a concern for me. The balance of the form of the painting.

    LR: By "form,” do you mean composition?

    RF: Yes, composition. It has to do a lot with my interest in Japanese art, especially Sumi painting. Start and finish without any doubt. You cannot go over it. So, in these paintings, I decided to make the composition in one stroke.

    LR: Like calligraphy.

    RF: Like calligraphy painting. This has been in my work for a long time, but now it is more obvious.

    LR: Are you interested in Zen?

    RF: I’m interested in Zen. I’m an eclectic person. I’m interested in learning about things and how they apply to my life.

    LR: Earlier in your career, you concentrated on music; how did you make the shift to visual art?

    RF: In 1969, I showed my first drawings. I won some prizes, but I felt I didn’t like the business of painting—the gallery scene. I was studying the violin seriously, first with Kashiro Figueroa, then with Russian masters like Burl Senofsky. That requires a lot of discipline. In order to break away from that discipline, I would paint. I needed to create in a different way. As a musician, I was more of an interpreter. I was not a composer. So, I started composing with the paintings, and that’s how I made the transition.

    I had my first professional show with Peter Max and Max Pappart. Each of us had a room in the gallery.

    LR: Where was this show?

    RF: In Washington, at the Arthur Charles Gallery. So slowly, I started showing the work. I still play the violin every day, and I still have the discipline, but I don’t need to support myself that way.

    LR: How else does your musical training carry over?

    RF: In my work, I always try to understand counterpoint and harmony. I think the masters of that are J.S. Bach and Gustav Mahler. In this particular work [Earth, Fire, Water]. It’s like a symphony. It has three movements, and the colors are in counterpoint with the form of the painting. And there’s harmony among them. The red is the local point. That’s something that’s influenced me a lot: Matisse and Van Gogh and how they work with the local point.

    LR: Where do you think your painting is going from here?

    RF: I would like to work in a larger size. It’s just that institutions have less and less money to shelter these paintings. That’s a concern. I’ve been very interested in doing public painting.

    LR: Murals?

    RF: Yeah, murals. But I don’t want to follow a formula. I just want to keep exploring my emotions, and I think the paintings will evolve from there. I’ve never been married. I want to get married. I think that will make a big change in my painting, or if I have a family.

    LR: So, as life evolves...

    RF: So evolves the painting. I think it’s marvelous not to deny the pleasure of growing up.

    Interview conducted January 28, 1995, at the artist’s studio in Isla Verde, Puerto Rico.